Many Europeans speak a first language that is not the standard language of the country they live in: languages with millions of speakers like Catalan and languages with few speakers like Gaelic; languages spoken across the border like German in Denmark and Italian in Slovenia; and immigrant languages like Turkish in Sweden. Many minority languages have experienced some revitalization, but now face new threats from an increasingly integrated Europe, from globalization and innovations in mass communication and from the challenges posed by spread of English. The chapters in this book, written by experts in several fields, discuss these issues both in general and in specialized chapters with vivid, up-to-date examples from the Baltic to the Mediterranean, from Ireland to Turkey.