Introduction (M. Kay)Part I. Fundamentals1. Phonology (S. Bird)2. Morphology (H. Trost)3. Lexicography (P. Hanks)4. Syntax (R. Kaplan)5. Semantics (S. Lappin)6. Discourse (A. Ramsey)7. Pragmatics and Dialogue (G.Leech and M.Weisser)8. Formal grammars and languages (C. Martin-Vide)9. Complexity (B. Carpenter)Part II. Processes, methods and resources10. Text segmentation (A. Mikheev)11. POS tagging (A.Voutilainen)12. Parsing (J. Carroll)13. Word-sense disambiguation (M. Stevenson and Y.Wilks)14. Anaphora resolution (R. Mitkov)15. Natural Language Generation (J.Bateman and M. Zock)16. Speech recognition (L. Lamel and J.L. Gauvain)17. Text-to-speech synthesis (T. Dutoit and Y. Stylianou)18. Finite-state technology (L. Karttunen)19. Statistical methods (C. Samuelsson)20. Machine Learning (R. Mooney)21. Lexical knowledge acquisition (Y. Matsumoto)22. Evaluation (L. Hirschman and I. Mani)23. Sublanguages and Controlled Languages (R. Kittredge)24. Corpora (T. McEnery)25. Ontologies (P.Vossen)26. Tree adjoining grammars (A. Joshi)Part III. Applications27. Machine translation: general overview (J. Hutchins)28. Machine translation: latest developments (H. Somers)29. Information retrieval (E.Tzoukermann, J. Klavans and T. Strzalkowski)30. Information extraction (R. Grishman)31. uestion answering (S. Harabagiu and D. Moldovan)32. Text summarisation (E. Hovy)33. Term extraction and automatic indexing (C. Jacquemin and D. Bourigault)34. Text data mining (M. Hearst)35. Natural language interaction (I. Androutsopoulos and M. Aretoulaki)36. Natural language in multimodal and multimedia systems (E. Andre)37. NLP in computer-aided language learning (J. Nerbonne)38. Multilingual on-line NLP (G. Grefenstette and F. Segond)Notes on contributorsGlossaryIndex of authorsSubject index