This book challenges the approaches to human interaction based on supposedly universal 'maxims of conversation' and 'principles of politeness,' which fly in the face of reality as experienced by millions of people crossing language boundaries (refugees, immigrants, etc.) and which cannot help in the practical tasks of cross-cultural communication and education. In contrast to such approaches, this book is both theoretical and practical: it shows that in different societies, norms of human interaction are different and reflect different cultural attitudes and values; and it offers a framework within which different cultural norms and different ways of speaking can be effectively explored, explained, and taught.The book discusses data from a wide range of languages and it shows that the meanings expressed in human interaction and the different 'cultural scripts' prevailing in different speech communities can be clearly and intelligibly described and compared by using a 'natural semantic metalanguage,' based on empirically established universal human concepts. As the book shows, this metalanguage can be used as a basis for teaching successful cross-cultural communication, including the teaching of languages in a cultural context.Anna Wierzbicka is Professor at Australian National University,Canberra. >From the contents:Introduction to the second editionAcknowledgementsChapter 1Introduction: semantics and pragmaticsChapter 2Different cultures, different languages, different speech actsChapter 3Cross-cultural pragmatics and different cultural valuesChapter 4Describing conversational routinesChapter 5Speech acts and speech genres across languages and culturesChapter 6The semantics of illocutionary forcesChapter 7Italian reduplication: its meaning and its cultural significanceChapter 8Interjections across culturesChapter 9Particles and illocutionary meaningsChapter 10Boys will be boys: even 'truisms' are culture specificChapter 11Conclusion: semantics as a key to cross-cultural pragmatics