LINGUIST List 10.1210

Tue Aug 17 1999

Qs: Metaphor, AUX, Setswana/Sesothu clicks

Editor for this issue: Jody Huellmantel <jodylinguistlist.org>



We'd like to remind readers that the responses to queries are usually best posted to the individual asking the question. That individual is then strongly encouraged to post a summary to the list. This policy was instituted to help control the huge volume of mail on LINGUIST; so we would appreciate your cooperating with it whenever it seems appropriate.

Directory

  • zmaalej, On Metaphor as Evaluative Modality
  • Erika Mitchell, History of AUX
  • Nick Reid, Setswana and Sesothu clicks

    Message 1: On Metaphor as Evaluative Modality

     Date: Mon, 16 Aug 1999 17:56:24 +0200
    From: zmaalej <zmaalejgnet.tn>
    Subject: On Metaphor as Evaluative Modality


    Dear List Members,

    Metaphor has been studied as process and product (Gibbs, 1999; Allbritton, 1995; etc.), as a similarity-creating phenomenon (Ortony, 1979; Glucksberg & Keysar, 1990; etc.), as enhancing intimacy between speaker and hearer (Cohen, 1979), etc. However, I have seen very few studies (Averill, 1990) of metaphor as an evaluative modality, i.e. as an instantiation of speaker attitude. Could anybody direct me to any relevant literature? Your collaboration is mostly valued. Thank you in advance.

    Zouhair Maalej, Department of English Chair, Faculty of Letters, Manouba, 2010, University of Tunis I, TUNISIA. Office Phone: (+216) 1 600 700 Ext. 174 Office Fax: (+216) 1 520 910 Home Tel/Fax: (+216) 1 362 871 Email: zmaalejgnet.tn

    Message 2: History of AUX

     Date: Tue, 17 Aug 1999 04:02:25 -0700 (PDT)
    From: Erika Mitchell <erikamityahoo.com>
    Subject: History of AUX


    For a current research project, I am trying to uncover the source of AUX. Might any of you be able to help me find the answers to the following questions, or even point me in a likely direction?

    1. When did Aux first become AUX, and why? That is, when did the change to capital letters occur? What was the motivation? In the early TG literature, it was written in lower-case letters, but sometime in the 1970s it was changed to upper case. Was this simply a typographical shift, or was there something more to it? Any pre-1970 reference using AUX (in capital letters) would be appreciated.

    2. When was Aux first placed as one of three nodes hanging directly from S? That is, when did we see the tripartite S->NP Aux VP for the first time? Chomsky 65, chapter 2, ex. 3 assumes this structure, but for example, Lees 1960 and Klima 1964 use a structure that is virtually identical to Chomsky 1955, chapter 8. Any pre-1965 references using a tripartite structure for S would be appreciated.

    If you can provide information on either of these topics, or any other insight on the early history of the category Aux (AUX), I would be most appreciative. I will summarize to the list any responses.

    Erika Mitchell em63cornell.edu

    Message 3: Setswana and Sesothu clicks

     Date: Tue, 17 Aug 1999 14:01:40 +1000
    From: Nick Reid <nreidmetz.une.edu.au>
    Subject: Setswana and Sesothu clicks


    The two snippets of text below have been given to me by Setswana and Sesothu speakers on my campus. My interest is in the place-of-articulation/manner-of-release of the clicks, by I have no expertise in these languages. Orthographic tl sounds to me like a dental click with lateral release. Orthographic q sounds to me like an alveolar click. Can anyone with knowledge of these languages help out? I further believe that some words in both these languages are written with orthographic qh, and I'd like to know whether that represents a distinct phonemic click, or just a different spelling convention. (Of course the answers may not be the same for both languages)

    Sesothu. Ke tlo u qoqela moqoqo o qalang leqepheng la ho qetela. I fut you tell story that starts page the last one I'm going to tell you the story that starts on the last page.

    Setswana. Ke bone ntlole a tlolatlola mo tshimong ya ditloo ka letlatlan. I saw squirrel that jumping in garden of peas in evening I saw a squirrel jumping in a garden of peas in the evening.

    any advice, gratefully received, should be sent direct to nreidmetz.une.edu.au thanks in advance Nick Reid

    Dr Nicholas Reid School of Languages, Cultures and Linguistics University of New England Armidale 2351, AUSTRALIA

    ph: +61 [0]2 6773 3400 fax: +61 [0]2 6773 3735 email: nreidmetz.une.edu.au website: http://www.une.edu.au/~arts/Linguist/linguist.htm ***********************************************