LINGUIST List 12.3096

Sat Dec 15 2001

Review: Spencer & Zwicky, Handbook of Morphology

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  • Alexandra Galani, Review of Spencer & Zwicky, Handbook of Morphology

    Message 1: Review of Spencer & Zwicky, Handbook of Morphology

     Date: Wed, 12 Dec 2001 10:05:23 +0000 (GMT)
    From: Alexandra Galani <ag153york.ac.uk>
    Subject: Review of Spencer & Zwicky, Handbook of Morphology


    Spencer, Andrew, and Arnold M. Zwicky, ed. (2001) The Handbook of Morphology. Blackwell Publishers, paperback ISBN 0-631-22694-X, xvi+815pp, $49.95. Blackwell Handbooks in Linguistics (hardback ISBN 0-631-18544-5, 1998)

    Alexandra Galani, University of York, United Kingdom

    DESCRIPTION OF THE BOOK This volume is a collection of thirty-two articles on morphology, varying from discussions on a wide range of morphological issues (such as inflection and derivation) to discussions on the interaction of morphology with grammar (such as morphology and syntax, morphology and lexical semantics), theoretical issues (prosodic morphology, word syntax), morphology in a wider setting (such as diachronic morphology, morphology and aphasia) and finally on the exploration of the morphology of individual languages (such as Archi and Celtic). The book is divided into five main parts:

    Part I: The Phenomena (pp. 11-148), Part II: Morphology and Grammar (pp. 149-280), Part III: Theoretical Issues (pp. 281-348), Part IV: Morphology in a Wider Setting (pp. 349-452), Part V: Morphological Sketches of Individual Languages (pp. 453-707). References (pp. 737-790), subject (pp. 791-799) and author (pp. 810-815) indexes are also available at the end of the book.

    In what follows I aim to provide the readers with as many details as possible on what each of the chapters is about instead of focusing on specific questions.

    The Introduction The editors begin their Introduction by highlighting the importance of morphology in the field of linguistics, and they suggest that "morphology is at the conceptual centre of linguistics" (p.1). They further explain that morphology, which is the study of words that incorporate with phonology, syntax as well as semantics in order to derive phrases and sentences (phonology) exhibiting syntactic structure (syntax) and meaning (semantics), is an area all linguists should know about. This very first sentence is also used as an introduction to refer to the different theories on morphology as well as to the questions each one deals with, introducing the subject of each of the chapters at the same time.

    The Introduction can be further divided into three main parts. In the first, and largest part, a brief presentation of the different theories on morphology is offered. The editors take the time to illustrate some of the main points of each theory focussing on the questions, which are then discussed in detail in the chapters. This theoretical retrospection starts with a short description of works, such as Kiefer (1973), Bierwisch (1967) and Philippaki-Warburton (1973), in all of which morphology was seen as part of phonology or syntax, continuing with works such as Siegel (1979) and Baker (1985), ushering in a new era for morphology. Also treated are inflectional and derivational morphology, and the interface of morphology and syntax and semantics. This part of the Introduction corresponds to Part I and Part II of the book.

    The second part of the Introduction refers to Part III of the book, which explores the application of morphology in a wider context. The editors devote a few paragraphs on offering a description on chapter (18) by Brian D. Joseph on "Diachronic Morphology", chapter (19) by Eve C. Clark on "Morphology in Language Acquisition" and chapter (20) by James M. McQueen and Anne Cutler on "Morphology and Aphasia".

    Finally, the third part of the Introduction refers to Part V of the book, where an analysis of some interesting morphological phenomena in specific languages is offered. This part ends with a table of the most interesting features, which are identified by these analyses in each of the languages in question.

    Part I - The Phenomena Article 1: Inflection Gregory T. Stump The first chapter of this section explores the notion of inflection. Stump begins his chapter with the definitions of lexeme, root of lexeme and paradigm. He then moves onto presenting a set of empirical criteria in order to distinguish inflection from derivation and clitics. He also introduces the morphosyntactic properties, such as agreement, governed and inherent(properties). A discussion on some of the inflectional properties of nouns, verbs and adjectives is additionally offered. Dealing with the realisation of inflection, Stump discusses inflectional exponence and inflectional "templates". The last section explores the theoretical approaches to inflection, beginning with the lexicalist approach (Selkirk (1982), Lieber (1992)), moving onto the functional head approach (Pollock (1989) but also Rivero (1990) and its critique by Joseph and Smirniotopoulos (1993)), the word-and-paradigm approach (Matthews (1972), Anderson (1977, 1992)) and finally Distributed Morphology (DM) (Halle and Marantz (1993)). Throughout this chapter the discussion is supported by rich examples.

    Article 2: Derivation Robert Beard Beard begins with the definition of derivation and moves onto discussing lexicalism in order to explore the derivation- inflection interface. He then turns onto the theoretical accounts on derivation; derivation as lexical selection (Lieber (1992)), derivation as morphological operations (Anderson (1992), Aronoff (1976, 1994)) and derivation as lexical relations (Jackendoff (1975), Bybee (1988)). In the next section a discussion on derivation heads, such as affixes as heads and head operations, is offered followed by the derivation in synthetic compounds and morphological asymmetry. Furthermore, Beard discusses the types of derivation, namely lexical stock expansion, lexical derivation - including featural, functional and expressive derivation -- and transposition. The final section deals with the realisation and productivity of derivational morphology, presenting a brief discussion on discontinuous morphemes, some types of stem modification, such as affixation, apophony, conversion, paradigmatic derivation, prosodic modification and reduplication, and the relation between productivity and allomorphic variation.

    Article 3: Compounding Nigel Fabb Fabb offers a straightforward discussion on compounding. The first section offers a set of definitions; the general definition of compounds, endocentric, exocentric and co-ordinate compounds, the types of compounds -synthetic, incorporation and repetition compounds- as well as compounds containing "bound words". He then moves onto discussing the structure of compounds, including directionality, whether word class is important or lost in compounds and the subconstituency in complex compounds. Fabb then turns onto the interpretation of compounds discussing interpretative gaps in detail. The relation of compounds with syntax takes place by discussing specific types of compounds in Mandarin, Hebrew and Japanese in particular. The set of phonological processes (supresegmental processes, including stress, phonological processes between the two words, as well as segment loss) and morphological processes, which might take place in compounds (such as morphemes in compounds, inflectional and derivational morphology and clitics), is the final section of this chapter.

    Article 4: Incorporation Donna B. Gerdts Gerdts discusses noun incorporation, exploring the syntactic conditions, its role in clauses (the new word is both the verb and one of its arguments), the presence of nominals, such as benefactives, locatives and possesors, in addition to patient, which may also incorporate. Finally she presents a brief discussion on similar to noun incorporation phenomena, such as noun stripping, lexical suffixes and denominal verbs.

    Article 5: Clitics Aaron L. Halpern Halpern presents a discussion on clitics. He makes a distinction between the types of clitics -such as simple (accentless words), verbal, second-position, clitics of Old French and Bulgarian as well as some clitics found in European Portuguese. In the final section some theoretical approaches to clitics are revised (Klavans (1980, 1985), Marantz (1988), Taylor (1990), Pintzuk (1991), Sadock (1991), Fontana (1993), Anderson (1992, 1993)).

    Article 6: Morphophonological Operations Andrew Spencer Spencer examines the morphophonological operations, which take place in words. He first discusses how the theoretical approaches - such as Item-and-Arrangement (IA) and Item- and- Process (IP) - attempted to analyse and explain the morphophonological processes. He then presents a discussion on concatenation for compounding and affixation, including prefixation, suffixation, infixation and reduplication, as well as the morphophonemic processes such as apophony, c-mutation, tone, stress, vowel and consonant length, metathesis, truncation, subtractive and replacive morphology, and stem indexing.

    Article 7: Phonological Constraints on Morphological Rules Andrew Carstairs-McCarthy In this chapter, Carstairs-McCarthy illustrates how phonological constrains determine morphology. He presents examples from both derivational and inflectional morphology and he talks about the phonological restrictions, which leave gaps that might or might not be filled with morphological material or the gap filling might or might not be systematic.

    Part II - Morphology and Grammar Article 8: Morphology and Syntax Hagit Borer In this chapter, the interaction between morphology and syntax is examined dealing with two questions specifically; is word formation an independent module or is it part of the syntax and if word formation is indeed an independent module, how is the interaction of the two characterised? The discussion on the theoretical approaches begins with the linear models (Lapointe (1980), Di Sciullo and Williams (1987)), followed by the syntactic ones (Baker (1985), Lieber (1992)). The next sections make a comparison between morphological and syntactic structures - discussing headness, subcategorisation, incorporation and government -- and word formation and argument structure. Borer then moves onto a discussion on the existence of morphophonological and morphosyntactic isomorphism, including Pollock's (1989) account, Distributed Morphology (DM) (1993), A- morphous morphology (Anderson (1992)) as well as checking theory (Chomsky (1993, 1995)). Finally, in the last section, Borer reviews what are called "mixed" models, proposed by Emonds (1985), Laka (1990) and Rohrbacker (1994).

    Article 9: Morphology and Agreement Greville G. Corbett This chapter deals with agreement morphology. Gorbett starts with a set of definitions (controller, target, domain of agreement) and he then moves onto the agreement features -gender, number, person, case and definiteness, which are followed by a brief presentation of the exponents of agreement as well as the constraints on the co-occurrence of agreement features. The last two sections examine the target of agreement, to the extend of availability and selection.

    Article 10: Morphology and Argument Structure Louisa Sadler and Andrew Spencer Sadler and Spencer examine the relation between morphology and argument structure focussing on valency and especially on the question how two morphologically related predicates differ in the lexical semantics and their realisation in morphology. They first distinguish two types of operations affecting valency -- morpholexical versus morphosyntactic. They then move onto the question of linking within the theoretical frameworks of Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG) (Bresnan and Kanerva (1989), Bresnan and Moshi (1990)) and Principles and Parameters Theory (PPT) (Chomsky (1981)) and they offer a brief mention of Hale and Keyser's (1992, 1993) as well as Goldberg's (1995) accounts. The final section is devoted to case studies: passives and middles in English, reflexives and reciprosals in Bantu, causatives in Japanese and a discussion on noun incorporation. As they themselves admit, the discussion is limited to verbs due to space limitations.

    Article 11: Morphology and the Lexicon: Lexicalisation and Productivity Mark Aronoff and Frank Anshen Aronoff and Ashen discuss the relation between morphology and the lexicon; whether morphology rivals the lexicon or whether it is based on the lexicon. They then move onto discussing the morphological productivity -- making a distinction between quantitative and qualitative productivity, as well as the relation of productivity with frequency and pragmatics.

    Article 12: Morphology and Lexical Semantics Beth Levin and Malka Rappaport Hovav This chapter deals with the relation between morphology and lexical semantics. They first discuss the lexical semantic representation of verbs making a distinction between the lexical syntactic representation (argument structure) and the lexical semantic representation (lexical conceptual structure (LCS) in terms of Hale and Keyser (1986, 1987)), on which they focus. Furthermore, they examine how names can be related to lexical semantic representations. In the last section they discuss verbs, which have distinct but related lexical conceptual semantics versus verbs, which share the lexical conceptual semantics but they have distinct argument structures.

    Article 13: Morphology and Pragmatics Ferenc Kiefer The last chapter of Part II examines the relation of morphology to pragmatics. It starts with the definition of morphopragmatics - including the notions of speech situation and speech event -- and it then moves onto a discussion of inflectional morphology and pragmatics. Among the topics discussed are case marking in Polish, inflectional suffixes in Hungarian, and inflectional suffixes as indicators of speech event and as honorifics. Next comes derivational morphology and pragmatics, including the Japanese beautificational prefix, Australian depreciatives, Italian diminutives and internsification and the excessive in Hungarian and Viennese German. This chapter closes with brief discussions on compounds and clitic particles, such as evidential and clitics, which function as illocutionary act indicators.

    Part III - Theoretical Issues Article 14: Prosodic Morphology John J. McCarthy and Alan S. Prince McCarthy and Prince begin this chapter with the definition of prosodic morphology and its principles, which are followed by a section, where prosodic morphology is exemplified. They then move onto a detailed discussion on Optimality Theory (OT) based on the work of Prince and Smolensky (1993). They finally briefly discuss two prospects of Optimality Theory, one related to the ranking schema, the other to the status of templates in Prosodic Morphology.

    Article 15: Word Syntax Jindrich Toman Toman discusses word syntax and especially deals with the question of whether the principles of grammar can be applied to word structure. Firstly, the existing theories are revised -such as lexicalism (Williams (1981), Di Scuillo and Williams (1987)). Toman then discusses the internal syntax of words, looking at phrase structure morphology, as well as operations, which take place on base-generated word structure -such as percolation, case assignment and operations on argument structure.

    Article 16: Paradigmatic Structure: Inflectional Paradigms and Morphological Classes Andrew Carstairs-McCarthy The third chapter in Part III examines the inflectional paradigms and the morphological classes. It deals with the paradigm consistency, the morphosyntactic categories, word forms, syncretism and their internal structures. The last section discusses the approaches on the organisation of inflectional classes.

    Article 17: Morphology as Component or Module: Mapping Principle Approaches Richard Sproat Sproat discusses two main approaches to morphology in order to examine whether morphology is a component or a module. He reviews in detail Sadock's (1991) Autolexical Syntax -- especially cliticisation and incorporation in Autolexical Syntax -- and he then moves onto bracketing paradoxes (Pesetsky (1979, 1985)), the mapping principle (Sproat (1985)) and its consequences.

    Part IV - Morphology in a Wider Setting Article 18: Diachronic Morphology Brian D. Joseph Joseph examines diachronic morphology. He discusses five main questions, namely what can change in morphology, what can not, where morphology comes from, what triggers change in morphology and whether a general theory of morphological change is possible.

    Article 19: Morphology in Language Acquisition Eve V. Clark The discussion on morphology in language acquisition is divided into three parts. In the first part, an introduction on language acquisition is offered and some issues are raised, such as the extent to which language typology affects the process of acquisition, whether children shift from word-to-word acquisition of inflection to rule-like application, whether inflection and word formation are treated in a similar way by children, who acquire morphology. The next two parts present a review of the works, which have been dealt with such questions. Clark first discusses inflectional morphology, looking at what is required, rote learning, rules and regularisation, case marking, agreement (person, number and gender as well as agreement between noun phrases and verbs, demonstratives and nouns), tense and aspect as well as typology and acquisition. The final part deals with the acquisition of word formation, focussing on derivational morphology and compounding.

    Article 20: Morphology and Aphasia William Badecker and Alfonso Caramazza Badecker and Caramazza present a discussion on acquired morphological impairments, which could be used for deriving the properties of the normal processing system. They discuss the errors of morphological retrieval and composition, whether composition reflects a primary system or a back-up component, jargon aphasia and word formation mechanisms, composition and acquired dysgraphia, the distinction between inflectional versus derivational morphology by aphasic patients and some morphological deficits in sentence comprehension and production.

    Article 21: Morphology in Word Recognition James M. McQueen and Anne Cutler McQueen and Cutler discuss the psycholinguistic literature of morphology in word recognition and they show how psycholinguistic morphology does not entirely map with linguistic morphology. They first review the different models of representation -such as Taft (1988), the Augmented Addressed Morphology (AAM) model by Caramazza (1988), Feldman and Fowler (1987), Schriefers et al (1992). Then they move onto discussing the pre-lexical processing of morphological structure both in inflectional and derivational morphology. Finally, their discussion ends with a detailed mention to one of the most important factors in pre-lexical processing namely the frequency of occurrence.

    Article 22: Morphology in Language Production with Special Reference to Connectionism Joseph Paul Stemberger Stemberger discusses the morphology in language production with special reference to connectionism. He presents a set of empirical work on language production, which he divides into right features at the right place, right features at the wrong place, allomorphy, derivational morphology and compounding. Furthermore, he offers a summary of the models in language production, which deal with morphology. He starts with the rule- based models (Fromkin (1971), Cutler (1980), Garrett (1975, 1976), Pinker (1991) and others), followed by the connectionist ones (McClelland and Rumelhart (1981), Dell (1986)), which are of two types: local connectionist models proposed by Rumelhart and McClelland (1981), Dell (1986, 1990), Stemberger (1985), and distributed connectionist models, which can be further subdivided into nonreccurent networks (McClelland and Rumelhart (1986), Pinker and Prince (1988)) and recurrent networks (Corina (1991), Dell (1993)).

    Part V - Morphological Sketches of Individual Languages Article 23: Archi (Caucasian - Daghestanian) Aleksandr E. Kibrik Kibrik begins the discussion of Archi by providing a short "biographical sketch" of the language, making clear that morphological phenomena, which reflect the general principles of this language, as well as unusual morphological categories from a typological point of view such as commentative, admirative, and double case marking in the possessive locative, are explored. The verbal inflection (finite, non-finite forms and the size of the verb paradigms) is first discussed. The second part of this analysis focuses on the nominal inflection, where a general model for noun paradigms is given in addition to the grammatical cases, the spatial forms and finally the possessive locative. A list of the abbreviations, which are used in this chapter, is also included.

    Article 24: Celtic (Indo-European) James Fife and Gareth King In this chapter Fife and King discuss some common morphological features, which are shared by the Celtic languages, both the Goidelic (Irish, Scots Gaeli, Manx) and the Brythonic (Welsh, Breton, Cornish), such as mutation, conjugated prepositions, vowel gradation and determiner clitics, but at the same time differ from the Indo-European and universal ones. They then turn to the morphological devices in Goidelic in particular: palatal, non-palatal morphophonemic opposition in noun declension, the comparison of the adjective, the formation of derived nouns and the root of the verb, verb infixes and the pronominal contrastive-emphatic suffixes. On the other hand, the morphological devices in Brythonic -- equative adjectives and pronominal agreement clitics -- are discussed in the last section of this chapter.

    Article 25: Chichewa (Bantu) Sam A. Mchombo The discussion on Chichewa begins with a brief reference to the characteristics of this language. The structure of the verbs is first examined, to which is added a discussion of the causative and applicative suffixes, both instrumental and locative, passive, stative, reciprocal and reversive constructions. In addition, a short presentation of reduplication in Chichewa is offered. In the last sections nominal derivation, compounding as well as the classification of nouns are presented.

    Article 26: Chukchee (Paleo-Siberian) Irina A. Muravyova After a short description of the language, a set of phonological and morphophonological properties, which are found, is given. The main discussion is divided into two sections: inflectional and derivational morphology. Nouns (including case-number, person- number marking and noun incorporation), participles, adjectives - (including general remarks, followed by case-number marking, adjective incorporation and degrees of comparison), pronouns (personal, possessive, interrogative and demonstrative), numerals, verbs (finite, non-finite forms and verb incorporation), adverbs, and postpositions are discussed. Finally the derivational morphology, nouns, verbs and compounds are briefly sketched.

    Article 27: Hua (Papuan) John Haiman Haiman offers a short biographical sketch of Hua. He then moves onto discussing nominal morphology and in specific the citation suffix, the possessive and case suffixes, the personal pronouns, the possessive prefixes, number marking and finally the potential topic marker. As far as verbal morphology is concerned, the ablaut rules, the medial verbs, the relative clauses, conditionals, the inconsequential as well as modality are examined. He finally briefly presents the systematic infixation in Hua.

    Article 28: Malagasy (Austonesian) Edward L. Keenan and Maria Polinsky Keenan and Polinsky begin with a brief background discussion of Malagasy with special reference to its phonological system. The main discussion is introduced by a general discussion on inflectional and derivation morphology, which then becomes more explicit. Noun-base morphology, including nominal expressions such as genitive formation, and pronominal genitives are presented. In verbal morphology, passive verbs (including root passives, suffix passives, prefix passives and infix passives), active verbs (primary active verbs, imperatives and secondary prefixes), and circumstantial verbal forms are discussed. Finally, a detailed discussion on verbal nominalisations and generalised incorporation is offered.

    Article 29: Qafar (East Cushitic) Richard J. Hayward As in the previous chapters, Hayward first offers some background information about East Cushitic. He discusses nominals, specifically nouns (gender, number, plural, gender and agreement, case), dependent nominals, pronouns, and numerals. The discussion of verbs focuses on the inflectional classes, derivation, the inflectional categories (aspect, mood, tense, modal and lexical base forms), as well as negation and focus. Nominalisations and indeclinables, such as determiners, particles and clitics, are briefly sketched.

    Article 30: Slave (Northern Athapaskan) Keren Rice The discussion on Slave, a northern Athapaskan language, begins with nouns, the background of which is offered in order to introduce a series of problems: a boundaries problem in the distribution of stem-initial fricatives, a structural problem in the marked distribution of fricatives in compounds and an ordering problem in diminutive-augmentative morphemes in possessive constructions. As far as verbal morphology is concerned, someone also has to deal with a great number of problems, which Rice investigates. Ordering problems in the ordering of inflection and derivation, in the need for a template for the conjunct morphemes, a structural problem in the structure of inflectional complex, a duplication problem in two subject positions, a locality problem in discontinuous constituents and finally an isomorphism problem in deriving the phonological structures.

    Article 31: Wari' (Amazonian) Daniel L. Everett Everett starts with an overview of the phonology and syntax of Wari and he then moves onto its morphology, as far as word classes and inflectional and derivation morphology are concerned: nouns, pronouns, verbs, prepositions, inflectional clitics, particles, inflectional morphemes, compounds and ideophones.

    Article 32: Warumungu (Australian - Pama-Nyungan) Jane Simpson Simpson, after providing the background on Warumungu, presents the phonological inventory and processes of this language. She then moves onto discussing word formation in terms of compounding (noun and preverb verb), suffixation (noun and verb inflection and derivation), reduplication and pronouns.

    CRITICAL EVALUATION This rich collection of thirty-two distinct topics on morphology varies from purely morphological and theoretical issues to discussions of the morphology of specific languages, the interface of morphology with other areas of grammar, the acquisition of morphology, and morphology and language disorders. For those who are unfamiliar with the fundamentals of morphology, its principles, and the massive amount of background literature and its applicability in such a wide range of areas, a global understanding is provided. It is also time saving, as it summarises the main points of many theories, and provides extensive discussion of others. For those readers, who are acquainted with morphology, this book is not only an excellent and reliable guide for reference but also challenging, as it raises issues and leaves open questions for further and future investigation and analysis. As Geert Booij suggests, this book "will serve as a guide for graduate students in linguistics, and for all those researchers who need a reliable survey of current issues and insights in morphology".

    As a whole, the book is well-organised, coherent and user- friendly. Its division into five main parts, according to their general topic, is precise and successful. The readers are given a clear image of the subject of each of the topics before even reading the introduction of the editors. In addition, the chapters are organised in such a way, where cross-references to discussions in previous ones is possible avoiding repetition. Given the constrains and the referential nature of the book, it would inappropriate for me to further discuss areas, such as morphosemantics, at this point.

    The list of contributors, including the departments and the institutes, is provided, even though it might have also been useful if the email and/or the mailing addresses were given.

    A detailed table of abbreviations which are used throughout the book is provided, and individual chapters include lists of those that are exclusive to them.

    The editors' introduction not only highlights the importance of morphology and presents a general discussion on the issues, which will be touched in the main parts, but it is also constructed in such an effective way, so that it raises the interest and the reader looks forward to moving onto the main discussion. The provision of the features, which are identified by the discussion of the specific languages, is useful.

    As far as the chapters of the book are concerned, the authors begin with an introduction of what each chapter is about and the nature or the specific questions, with which will be dealt. Furthermore, they start with elementary discussions on each of the topics without taking anything for granted, which then elaborate gradually, so they are easy to follow. I think that the length of the chapters is also appropriate. The authors are given the space to clearly present such a great deal of individual areas, theoretical approaches and constructions without the discussion being tiring or confusing. Even though they are forced in some cases to simply name and exemplify the constructions or theories in question, this is something they themselves admit and make clear. In all cases, they provide critical evaluations -- regardless of whether these are brief or not- of the theoretical approaches and also refer the readers to relevant works for an extensive discussion. Reference to the rest of the chapters is also regular. Finally, both the empirical and the theoretical issues are fully exemplified by rich data.

    As far as the last part of the book is concerned, bearing in mind that the intentions of the authors are simply to present some of the interesting constructions in each of these languages, I think that they are good reference guides. Moreover, it would be nice to see the morphology of these languages being allocated and analysed within specific theoretical frameworks in greater detail in future works.

    Finally, the references, the subject and author indexes are extremely detailed and useful. The references, which have been used throughout the books, are all cited. The reader will find the author and especially the subject indexes very handy, as all the phenomena, constructions and theoretical frameworks, which have been discussed in each of the chapters, are all given at the end of the book.

    CONCLUSION The Handbook of Morphology is convincingly challenging, high in the quality and interest of each chapter and complete in the sense that it addresses all the questions, it was designed for. It is a good reference book.

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    BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH Alexandra Galani is a Ph. D. student working on the morphosyntax and the semantics of tense and aspect in Modern Greek at the University of York.